Utilitarianism The Utilitarian Moral Theory Essay

Utilitarianism-Module 5 1. In its general form, what is the utilitarian moral theory? In its general form, the utilitarian moral theory advocates that an action is morally right if it serves the greatest good for the greatest amount of people. 2. What is hedonism, and what is hedonistic utilitarianism? And, what was Epicurus s view about pleasure? Hedonsim is the principle that suggests that pleasure is the motivator of one’s life and hedonistic utilitarianism is when ethics is determined by how much pleasure or pain is produced from an action. Finally, Epicurus’s view about pleasure suggests that attaining pleasure and avoiding pain is the single standard by which an individual determines happiness and judges his or her actions. 3. What are the four key elements of utilitarianism found in Hutcheson s writings? The four key elements of utilitarianism found in Hutcheson s writings include that one must compute the consequences of his or her actions, the standard of moral evaluation is identified as the greatest amount of happiness or pleasure that results for all affected, consequences enter all computation, and what counts as happiness or pleasure. 4. What are Hume s two contributions to utilitarianism? Hume’s two contributions to utilitarianism include that long-term consequences of actions are as significant as the immediately pleasing consequences of actions and some actions are useful only when followed as a rule. 5. What are the seven criteria ofShow MoreRelatedThe Moral Theory Of Utilitarianism1725 Words   |  7 PagesNumerous moral theories have surfaced in the past years. They have been widely debated by philosophers and social reformers. It is important to understand what these theories are because of their influential tendencies in the way people act, especially in making morally right or wrong decisions. Utilitarianism is one of these many moral theories. Upon further analysis, problems with utilitarian thoughts are revealed. It has been widely debated by many philosophers, including G.E. Moore and ImmanuelRead MoreEthical Theories Supporting Different Moral Perspectives Of Human Actions871 Words   |  4 PagesThere are numerous ethical theories supporting different moral perspectives of human actions. The various theories differ according to the way in which they require people to act, and in their fundamental arguments. Because of different perspectives and philosophical views, no ethical theory can be said to be superior to the other. The paper that follows describes and defends the ethical theory of utilitarianism. Reasons why Utilitarianism is the Correct Ethical Theory i. It reinforces rationalityRead MoreUtilitarianism : The And Influential Moral Theories890 Words   |  4 PagesUtilitarianism is one of the most renowned and influential moral theories. The basis of act utilitarianism is maximizing utility, that is, doing the things that maximize happiness over suffering. Utilitarians reject moral codes that are based on customs or traditions given by leaders or supernatural deities because they judge the truth or justifiability of morality as its positive contribution to all beings. Both act utilitarians and rule utilitarians concur that the overall aim in determining theRead MoreUtilitarianism : A Ethical Theory1381 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarianism is a normative theory that describes how one ought to act by evaluating the consequences of actions, thus utilitarianism is a breed of consequentialism. Consequences determine whether an act is right or wrong, so one ought to act to produce the best results. The best result is the one that maximiz es utility, or produces the largest amount of good. Utilitarians define good as pleasure or happiness, since it is the only thing that is intrinsically good. This is not to say that utilitariansRead MoreMoral Theory Of Max Act Utilitarianism1576 Words   |  7 PagesMax Act Utilitarianism Kirill Parshin University of San Francisco  Ethics is all about principles of right conduct. Under the umbrella term, consequentialism has a much more specific moral theory known as max act utilitarianism. Max act utilitarianism is one of the most well known and influential theories that provides the best notion for the theory of right conduct. After a brief explanation of act utilitarianism, the argument of this paper will then seek to favor why act utilitarianism providesRead MoreRetributivism Vs Utilitarian Theory1730 Words   |  7 Pagesconcept of morality and moral â€Å"rules and laws† has as its corollary, the concept of â€Å"rule-breaking† or acting immorally. A common response to immoral behavior is punishments, which leads me to ask the question: how is punishment justified? In his article â€Å"The Classic Debate†, American legal philosopher Joel Feinberg lays out the main points of discourse between the two major theories of justified punishment, which I will deconstruct. Feinberg asserts th at there are two main theories used to justify punishment:Read MoreUtilitarianism, By John Stuart Mill1365 Words   |  6 Pages In John Stuart Mill’s book Utilitarianism, he argues for the defense of utilitarianism, an age old theory originally developed by Jeremy Bentham that states the proper course of action is the one that maximizes happiness. The course of action that maximizes general happiness is also the only true standard for moral assessment. Mill also introduces the idea of ‘first principle’ which states that it is not acceptable for individuals to characterize actions as either ‘good’ or ‘bad’, because it isRead MoreUtilitarianism, By John Rawls And Robert Nozick1486 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarianism is a moral theory according to which an action is right if and only if it conforms to the principle of utility. An action conforms to the principle of utility if and only if its performance will be more productive of pleasur e or happiness, or more preventive of pain and happiness, than any alternative. The rightness of an action entirely depends on the value of its consequences, this is why the theory is described as consequentialist. The â€Å"separateness of persons† is an objection againstRead MoreAct Utilitarianism And Its Moral Theory875 Words   |  4 PagesAct-utilitarianism is the view that the rightness or wrongness of an action is to be judged by its consequences, that is the maximisation of utility - whether or not said action is good or bad (Smart 2000). In the scenario presented, an act-utilitarian would suggest that one is morally permitted to pull the lever and kill one in order to save five lives. However, this moral theory does not compare with the majority of people’s instincts– this suggests that act-utilitarianism is problematic and doesRead MoreOn Utilitarianism and Kantian Ethics 1681 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction There is little doubt that Utilitarianism and Kantian Ethics are by far the two most important ethical theories throughout contemporary philosophy. Though both attempt to answer questions about morality and behavior, the two theories have many fundamental differences: one evaluates actions in terms of the utility they produce whereas the other considers whether actions fulfill duty; one emphasizes consequence where the other highlights intentions; one sees desire as essential while

Geopolitics Have The Truth Essay - 762 Words

Im in the process of taking my GRE prep so I can do a grad degree. Im trying to study Geopolitics coming from a heavy European and American History background, esp. modern History (1337-1848 in my estimation) and then a heavy focus of the USA (1788-present) and the UK (899-1066, esp 1066-1603, 1688-1815) , Germany (Middle Ages to present) and the so called Eurasian or Greater Mid-east focus, of Marshall Hodgskins variety. Basically studying pre-15c. Eurasian as one mega-civilization. From the Modern History I follow the world system prospective in terms of economy and analysis of economies. The short version is that Spain rose to Hegemony in alliance with Austria, modern Belgium and Italy from 1477-1648, then an uneasy fight Between†¦show more content†¦Like any alarming dice game, its odds become more and more harsh and its costs are human life, money and plunder. Now the nuclear button dissuades open conflict and reminds of us of the period of mercenary warfare which reign ed 1648, before formal standing armies, until the first World War. The problem today, as I will go on speak about in my coming posts is that too many people are unaware of the reasons why the game has changed and what this dice game as I call it, multilateralism, is so deadly. A unilateral war like Iraq cannot occur any longer. Russias invasion of Georgia in 2008 proved that region powers can now change unfriendly govt.s. In reaction to this the NATO powers have unfortunately gone on to back enemy non-state actors like Islamic Terrorists. In some case of the same ideology that is the target of what has been called the War of Terror. Like the War of Drugs. It is obviously not a formal war and yet it has been fought as if it need be one, rather than a mere ideological game changer. Obamas administration have their so called pivot to the East and engagement with China which has created tension and a potential trade partner ship which will cut China out of the deal. Obviously this cannot work, it is political black mail. What I would like everyone to understand is that ever power that has nuclear weapons and a large standing army can play the influence game as did the pre-WWI powers. Then countries such as Italy, Austria andShow MoreRelatedWomen In Yemen724 Words   |  3 Pagesyoung daughters to older men in matrimony. Presently, there is no legal age of marriage in Yemen and boys and girls of any age can be married off (Girls, Not Brides, n.d.). Most countries have a marriage age established at 18, but in selected areas, marriages can happen at a younger age with parental consent. There have been acknowledged cases of girls as young as eight being espoused to older men, who expect them to accomplish their wifely duties. Plain and simple, this is marital rape. 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How far did Stalin’s social policies change Free Essays

How far did Stalin’s social policies change the lives of women and children In the years to 1945? Following Stalin’s succession to power in 1929, once again, Russia was transformed. As part of Socialism In One Country, Stalin focussed his intentions internally. This involved the notorious industrialisation and collectivisation drives which were intended to reform the economy. We will write a custom essay sample on How far did Stalin’s social policies change or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nevertheless, do so, Stalin realised he would have to create a more ordered and disciplined society. Consequently, as part of the Revolution from Above and what was deemed by Sheila Fitzpatrick as the â€Å"great etreat†, where Stalin turned away from the policies of his predecessor, Stalin embarked on numerous social policies which focussed on the reforms of education and family life. Consequently, Stalin’s legislation on the one hand, changed the lives of countless Soviet women and children. Nevertheless, it is also argued that his policies were no similar to previous social legislation under the Tsar and Lenin. Consequently the extent of change and the significance of Stalins policies remains in Following the Russian revolution, Lenin assumed the Premiership of question. Russia and redefined the social polices experienced by women and children. In terms of policies which affected women and the family, Lenin was comparatively Liberal compared to Tsarist Russia. He considered traditional marriage to be slavery, economic and sexual exploitation. Robert Service has argued that as a result, official spokesmen began to urge wives to refuse to give â€Å"automatic obedience to husbands. Lenin went against previously traditional conservative policy and legalised divorce as well as abortion. Lenin attempted to free women from their domestic roles under Tsarism by requisitioning large scale provision of facilities such as canteens, laundries and cr ©ches as party of what is argued by Corin and Fiehn as the â€Å"socialisation of domestic services. † Although, In retrospect, this policy was unaffordable, costing well over the national budget and consequently, the socialisation was not universal, reducing overall change. Nevertheless, Lenin did Implement legislation previously unthinkable to allow free love. as well as the creation the Zhenotdel, which gave opportunity for the first time for women to be involved in the running of the state. Additionally, Lenin reformed the education ystem which ultimately Impacted heavily on children. Lenin focussed on an industrial education which made use of apprenticeship schemes, but to the detriment of a broad education. Yet, also as part of his liberalising of once Tsarist Russia, he took the power to discipline away from teachers and scrapped the examination and homework methods of education. He also denounced all university lectures as members of the bourgeoisie and members of a hostile class in the education was more liberal than anything previous children had ever seen. Under Stalin, the changing of social policies and their effect on women were numerous. Stalin as part of industrialisation put greater emphasis on Job opportunities for women, by 1940 for example, nearly 41% of heavy industry workers were women. Although, in retrospect, women were still underpaid, receiving only 60-65% of a mans salary in the same Job, reducing overall change. Nevertheless, in contrast to Lenin and Tsarist Russia, Stalin put even greater focus on educational opportunities for women, increasing places for the number of women in colleges and universities. Although, again, these courses were purely focussed on industry, reducing overall change from Lenin. Although, as part of urbanisation, women btained greater opportunities to work in agriculture and by 1945, 80% of workers on the collectives were female. Stalin also placed even greater emphasis on propaganda compared to Lenin and employed the Stakhanov spirit in the female working environment to ensure maximum potential. Women also saw greater opportunities to serve in the armed forces and by 1945, half a million Soviet Women had served. However, Stalin did abolish the Zhenotdel, formed under Lenin, reducing women’s ability to be involved in the running of the state once again, as under Tsarism, reducing the breath of change in overall opportunity. Additionally, Lynch argues that he increase in women into the armed forces, whilst increased their equality, increased their likelihood of â€Å"mistreatment† and â€Å"sexual abuse†, especially by senior officers. This bears similarity to pre-Leninism where abuse of women was commonplace, reducing overall significance of Stalin’s social policies effect on changing the lives of women for the better. Although, the state under Stalin compensated the abuse of women in the home itself by introducing a series of social polices which championed the revival of marriage. For example, the state now promoted marriage, legalising wedding rings which had previously been made illegal nder Lenin. Stalin in contrast to Lenin who legalised divorce, limited the availability to end a marriage. This has the effect of reducing the number of women and children becoming impoverished, under Lenin and his policy of free love. Women and children would no longer be left to fend for themselves if a husband chose to divorce. Local Party officials would in addition seek out any husbands who absconded from their marital obligations ensuring this change would be successful and significant. Women were also encouraged more to increase their reproductivity. This was due to greater amounts of women in work as part of industrialisation. Stalin introduced incentives to women with a certain amount of children-7 would gain 2,0000 roubles per year for 5 consecutive years. However, this increased the likelihood of pressure being put on women from their male counterparts to terminate their babies as had been the case when Lenin previously legalised abortion, suggesting a reduction in overall change for the better. Although, Stalin did put in place laws to punish such offence with two years imprisonment and made termination illegal. However, ultimately the banning of abortion was an infringement on civil liberties, similar to that of Tsarism, reducing verall change. Additionally, Stalin reverted back to the traditional role of the women in the home. Whilst his changes meant they could work and could receive state support and were compensated by his promotion of the Women’s Activists Movement their own family as a â€Å"good Communist† should rather than socialise the entire family as Lenin argued. Stalin therefore reverted back to the traditional view of the purpose of women. He however, gave them two roles. Essentially, as Geoffrey Hosking argues â€Å"the fruits of female emancipation became the building blocks of the Stalinists neopatriarchal society. In terms of Stalins social policies and it’s effects on children for the better, they are arguably of less significance. Whilst Stalin continued to run the education system via the state as Lenin condoned, Stalin controlled the education of children to a precedent unseen before. Stalin condoned the more extensive regulation of education in order to shape the next younger generation of society, whom could be easily influenced, into the Communist way of thinking. This was seen most notably in 1935, when Stalin brought the original Tsars Imperial Academy, or Soviets Academy of Sciences under direct state control forcing ersonnel to produce work only in line with Stalinist views. Stalin also reintroduced discipline into children’s lives, giving power back to teachers which had previously been taken away under Lenin. He also further tightened the regulations imposed on children in terms of appearance, such as school uniforms, to surpass Lenin’s attempts to create a truly egalitarian society. Stalin also changed the material in lessons, introducing a new curriculum in 1935 which was created by the state which was accompanied by State prescribed textbooks through which children would now earn; a valuable method in the influencing of the next generation of socialists. Although, in retrospect, it could be argued that state influence in children’s education was not a vast change. Lenin himself had requisitioned a book entitled A Brief History of Russia by Bolshevik Pokrovsky which was acquired as the Soviet School Text Book. Although, state influence in education under Lenin was rather in terms of class struggle. Stalin changed this to an overall insight into the positive age of the Russian past, focussing on fgures such as Peter the Great. He also made it compulsory along ith homework and exams to in fact go to school. Whereas Lenin saw it as a mere obligation to learn the basic aspects of reading and writing, Stalin saw education as essential in breeding a new generation of productive and capable workers and consequently provided free schooling for the first time time up to the age of 15. For example, between 1929 and 1940, the number of children attending school rose from 12 to 35 million. Although, in retrospect, whilst there were grants, most parents of children in secondary education were still expected to pay and certainly could not ttend higher education without such a financial contribution, reducing overall change in terms of opportunity for children. This change is made more insignificant by the fact that ironically, whilst the Russian revolutionaries had poured scorn on the bourgeoisie governing elites that monopolised power previously, Stalin continued to produce an equivalent and did not change this hypocrisy. Party officials were allowed the right for their children to have the best training to give them access to higher education and were often given the best places, similar to the Tsarist elite, and going against Lenin. For example, in the period from 1928-1932, a third of all undergraduates were Party nominees. Essentially, Stalin did not change the existence of a ruling class which allowed their children to dominate the education system. Lynch even argues that, â€Å"it enhanced Stalins power by creating a class of his creatures. In conclusion, essentially, Stalin did make extensive changes in social polices which effected the lives of countless women and children. Authority, discipline and effort were now championed in a drive to become a truly independent Socialist State. In terms of children and their education, Stalin, although he continued ith state intervention, undeniably made changes to allow compulsory education to all which made the literacy rate rise significantly from 51% in 1926 to 88% in 1940, allowing a new breed of educated workers to run the economy. However, Stalins changes to the lives of children are however inevitably undermined by the fact that he did nothing to prevent an intelligentsia forming once again which was allowed to dominate the nomenklatura. Not only was education still streamlined as it had been under Lenin and even under Tsarism in the universities, but ordinary children were till prevented from top posts and were confined to be â€Å"cogs† in the industrialisation process. How to cite How far did Stalin’s social policies change, Papers

Abigail and the girls deny everything Essay Example For Students

Abigail and the girls deny everything Essay Abigail and the girls deny everything. Part od their denial is accusation. By shifting the blame onto someone else, they believe that they will not be held accountable for their own sins. Abigail manipulates her way through the play, and even after Mary Warren confessed that the whole story was a pretense, Abigail continues manipulating the court room and the people within it with antics of a wind, a cold wind and Oh Heavenly Father, take away this shadow. In the end she is adamant to convince the court that they were only involved with witchcraft because of Mary Warren, hoping profusely to save her own name. Denial in Salem is considered a terrible sin. The narrow mindedness of the court possesses an unwritten law that if your name is brought out within the court, without any questioning, you are presumed guily. Innocence is not taken into consideration, and only until the victim confesses,, is the court convinced they were right. There is no hearing for the victim, and if they are innocent, they have the choice of denial, and being hung or confessing an being thrown into jail. Danforth, the deputy governor, is so caught up in his own beliefs and importance that he wont listen to anything that he doesnt want to hear. He is manipulated by Abigail, bu her innocent young girl front by incredulously questioning Proctor this child would murder his wife? It is beyond his narrow comprehension that someone could be telling the truth. John Proctor stood up for his pride and principles. It is obvious that he would rather die with a good name within Salem than live and know that he had broken his own principles and lost his pride. He believed that among his own community he would be lavelled untrustworthy and states God does not need my name nailed upon the church! God sees my name, God know how black my sins are. From these comments, we know that John Proctor is an honest and trusting man who would do anything to save the name of himself, his family and his friends even if it would conclude in his own death I have given you my soul, leave me my nameà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Maybe Proctors strong will to protest caused the whole tragedy to continue on for a longer period of time. Maybe if he hadnt engaged in adultry, he wouldnt have felt nearly as guilty that he had to go and stand before the court for his wife. It could be said that he stood up for her to prove that he still loved her and maybe to regain some her trust back. The Proctors werent the only couple with the tragedy coming between them. Thomas Putnam too was caught in secretly trying to obtain the land and fight Giless accusation of Putnam killing his neighbours to get their land. Goody Putnam is maliciously accusing Tituba of murdering all her babies. These babies at the time, were announced still born,  but now that Tituba is in the public eye because of being linked with Abigail and the starting of the tragedy, she is blamed. Wild accusations are flying around Salem linking people to anything abnormal that has gone wrong. The absurd naming of innocent people becomes an ongoing threat to all within Salem. Francis Nurse is shocked that his wife, Rebecca a pillar of the Salem community has been named before the court by Abigail and the girls. In fact, the entire community is astounded when they hear the news of Rebecca Nurse being named. The act of people naming others, and then those others naming more people still, definantly had a impact on the tragedy, dragging the whole thing out, much longer than it needed to be. .ub362fe4e89c77ccedbe04b5206fa4322 , .ub362fe4e89c77ccedbe04b5206fa4322 .postImageUrl , .ub362fe4e89c77ccedbe04b5206fa4322 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub362fe4e89c77ccedbe04b5206fa4322 , .ub362fe4e89c77ccedbe04b5206fa4322:hover , .ub362fe4e89c77ccedbe04b5206fa4322:visited , .ub362fe4e89c77ccedbe04b5206fa4322:active { border:0!important; } .ub362fe4e89c77ccedbe04b5206fa4322 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub362fe4e89c77ccedbe04b5206fa4322 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub362fe4e89c77ccedbe04b5206fa4322:active , .ub362fe4e89c77ccedbe04b5206fa4322:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub362fe4e89c77ccedbe04b5206fa4322 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub362fe4e89c77ccedbe04b5206fa4322 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub362fe4e89c77ccedbe04b5206fa4322 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub362fe4e89c77ccedbe04b5206fa4322 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub362fe4e89c77ccedbe04b5206fa4322:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub362fe4e89c77ccedbe04b5206fa4322 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub362fe4e89c77ccedbe04b5206fa4322 .ub362fe4e89c77ccedbe04b5206fa4322-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub362fe4e89c77ccedbe04b5206fa4322:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: African American Writers EssayTo prove that all these people were actually guilty also played a part in lengthening the tragedy. Herrick, Cheever and Danforth, all so full of their own importance and strictness of the court the law binds meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.I cannot budge ask question after question to each victim until finally the defendant breaks down and confesses to save their own lives. Even Hale who feels for the victims towards the end, knows the strictness of the court, thought our hearts break, we cannot flinch, these are new times.